My primary research interests focus on how the intersection of gender, immigration, race and class manifested in the early-twentieth century Brazilian labor market. My current book project examines the shifts in labor market inequality in São Paulo, Brazil from the end of the Empire in 1889, through the duration of the Old Republic (1889-1930), and to the end of Getulio Vargas’ Estado Novo in 1945. My research interests also examine the lived experiences and decisions working-class and immigrant women faced in Brazil